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İn this study, karyotipic distribution of reciprocal translocations were investigated in 15 cases who referred to our laboratory because of reproductive vvastage and having a baby with multiple congenital defects. They distributed as follovvs; 6 unbalanced reciprocal translocations; 7 balanced reciprocal translocations and 2 balanced reciprocal translocations with trisomy 21. Ali of the unbalanced karyotypes were partal trisomies and three of them were inherited maternally while the other three were inherited paternally. Family investigations were done in balanced reciprocal translocation carriers and it was seen that three of them were de novo, two paternal and one maternal. Mechanisms of reciprocal translocations, their population rates and risks of carriers were evaluated by using our results.

Cytogenetic analysis of 37 patients, who were referred to our laboratory because of primary amenorrhea ,growth retardation and Turner's syndrome stigmata were performed and X chromosome abnormalities were evaluated. Monosomi X constituted approximately half of our patients(48,6%).Mosaic karyotypes were determined in 16 cases(43,2%) and they distributed like that; nine with 45,X/46,XJ(Xq), three with 45,X/46,X,r(Xq), one with 45,X/46,X,+mar,one with 45,X/46,XX/47,XXX,one with 45,X/47,X,i(Xq), i(Xq) and one with 45,X/46,X . 45,X/46,X,i(Xq) was the most common structural abnormality observed in mosaic cases and its ratio was found most frequent than other centers values.On the other hand 45,X/46,X karyotype which was reported from other centers often was determined in only one case in our study group.

This study was aimed to examine the effects of ovariectomy and ovariectomy follovved by estrogen administration on the pineal gland by light microscopy. For this purpose 15 female Wistar rats vvere used. Animals were divided into three groups. Group I and II vvere designated as sham-ovariectomised (Control) and ovariectomised, respectively. They received sesame oil (0.1 mİ subcutaneously) alone. The rats in Group III vvere ovariectomised and daily injected vvith Estradiol Benzoate (0.5 mg/0.1 mİ sesame oil per day s.c) for 1 months. At the end, ali animals vvere killed by vascular perfusion. The pineal glands of rats vvere removed, then processed for light microscopy. Ovariectomy caused hypertrophy in pinealocytes and an increase of lipid droplets in the structure of pineal gland. İt was observed that Estradiol administration follovving ovariectomy inhibited ovariectomy induced hypertrophy and increase of lipid droplets. Additionally, the connective tissue betvveen parenchymal cells was increased in this group. İn conclusion, increased of celi activity was seen in the pinealocytes after ovariectomy and this increase was suppressed follovving the administration of Estradiol benzoate.

Aim: İn this study the meningeal structure of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinüs and the microanatomy of Dorell's canal, and the anatomical relations of petrolingual and petrospheonidal ligaments with the adjacent structures were studied. By aim of additional security during the surgical approach in this region this study was performed. Materials and Methods: İn the present study, the microanatomy of the cavernous sinüs and the neighbouring structures in 14 adult human cadavers were examined using for this purpose Olympus operation and stereo microscope. Findings: İn our study, the lateral wall of the cavernous sinüs was found in a form of two layers, superficial and deep. The superficial layer is more thicker and flat vvhile, the deep is in a form of thin, irregular, variable and has dural defects on some region of it. İn our study, we investigated the distances betvveen the cranial nerves and their anatomical relations with the cavernosal part of the internal carotid artery. İt was observed that, the postero-inferior part of the deep layer of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinüs has a continuity with ptrolingual ligament and indicates the site of the entrance of the internal carotid artery; this deep layer can be easily separated from the superficial layer. Conclusion: The present study may be helpful to understand clearly the anatomy of the cavernous sinüs and its relevant structures with their morphometric relationships. Therefore, it can provide a useful Information to reduce the complication risk durring operations upon this region.

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (İTP) is the most common seen acquired bleeding disorder of childhood. İt has a benign course. Nevertheless, it has a great importance because of an organ bleeding risk and possibility of an existance of underlying serious disease and chronicity. İn our study we investigated retrospectively 86 patients diagnosed as İTP. Peak ages of the cases vvere 5 and 13 years. Except the intracranial bleeding, almost every type of bleeding vvere seen. We prefered corticosteroids for the first choice of treatment. 73 patients received high dose methylprednisolone for the treatment. 41 ofthem (47.6%) recovered totally. Immediate increase in the thrombocyte count after the corticosteroid therapy was observed in 79% of the patients. Chronicity rate was as high as 41.8% and the ages of this group vvere similar to that of the peek incidence ages. None of the patients died. Four patients, resistant to medical treatment went to splenectomy. Hovvever, the increase of thrombocyte count was permanent in only one case. One of the patients diagnosed as İTP was accepted as systemic lupus erythematosus three months later and one as Hodgkin lymphoma three years later. Patients with İTP should be monitered closely because of the bleeding risk and should be detected seriously because of an underlying disease risk and should be alert against the malignity or autoimmune disease at the chronic stage or after the remission phase.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of rokuronyum and sisatrakuryum pretreatments for preventing succinylcholine-induced fasciculations and postoperatife myalgia. İn this double blind randomised study, 45 ASA I or II between 18-45 years-old scheduled for minör surgery allocated into three groups according to the non-depolarizing pretreatment used. Group 1 (n=15) received normal şaline; group 2 (n=15) received 0.06 mg/kg rocuronium and group 3 (n=15) received 0.015 mg/kg cisatracurium each in the same volüme (2 mİ) for precurarization. Anaesthesia induced with 1 mg/kg fentanyl and 2.5 mg/kg propofol. Two minutes after precurarization, 1.5 mg/kg succinylcholine was injected and 60 second later the trachea was intubated. Side effects of precurarization, the incidence and magnitude of fasciculations and intubating conditions were evaluated. Myalgias were recorded on postoperatife 48 hours. The incidence and magnitude of fasciculations in group 2 was lower than group 1 and 3. There was no difference in intubating conditions and postoperatife myalgias among the groups. İn conclusion 0.06 mg/kg rocuronium is better than 0.015 mg/kg cisatracurium to prevent muscular fasciculations follovving succinylcholine injection when they were given two minutes before succinylcholine. But preteatment with these agents did not reduced the incidence of postoperatife myalgia.

Background: Electromagnetlc fields (EME) are the most important environment problems that effect the public health in our century. Increasing incidence of coronary heart disease, leukemia, lymphoma, and Alzheimer in the patients who are effected from magnetic fields, are revealing that these sources can not be used unlimitedly. İn this study, we would like to investigate the effect of hairdryer on the rats. Materials and methods: İn this study, 200-250 gr weighted 29 male rats vvere used. 15 of them were control group, and 14 vvere faced with EMF. A BKK 1161 SK hairdryer was used as the magnetic field source. This machine had 600 VVatt (W) power, 220 V - 50 Hz resistance, and a mean magnetic field counted 100-150 mG. The distance betvveen the subjects and the machine was 20-25 cm. EMF was performed on them for 3 days of each week, and 5 minutes of each day, and it was lasted after 3 months with a total period of 205 minutes. At the end the malondialdehid (MDA) levels in the subjects sera vvere calculated, and they vvere sacrificed and their cerebrum, thymus, lungs, heart and great vessels, liver, kidneys, and spleen vvere taken to histopathologic examination under light microscope. Results: İt was obviously observed that the EMF in 50 Hz freguency increases the mononuclear celi infiltration in the viscera; especially, it was estimated that EMF causes alveolar destruction in the lungs, tubuler degeneration in the kidneys, glial proliferation in the cerebrum, fibrosis in the liver, and adventitial mononuclear celi infiltration in the great vessels in 3 months, vvhich is thought to be a very short period. Statistically, the subendothelial dissection in the great vessels was not found significant, hovvever, this was thought to be an important finding. The serum MDA levels of EMF group vvas increased, but statistically, this was not significant. Conclusion: We concluded that EMF causes an increase in the production of free oxygene radicals, and in the late-term this results with various diseases including cancers and atherosclerotic dişe ases.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of sevoflurane and propofol anesthesia on postoperative nausea vomiting and recovery in the middle ear surgery. The patients undergoing to middle ear surgery were randomly divided into two groups as Group S ( n=19) and Group P ( n=19). AH the patients are premedicated with 0.1 mg/kg İM midazolam and the induction was done with sevoflurane in Group S and 2.5 mg/kg İVpropofol in Group P. After the blockage with vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg, entübation was performed. Anesthesia maintenance was done with sevoflurane 1-3% in Group S and 8 mg/kg /h IV propofol infusion in Group P and 70% N2O/O2 inhalation in both. At the end of the operation, after quitting the anesthetics, the extubation times, spontaneous eye opening and recovery times were recorded. Postoperative nausea vomiting were evaluated in 2nd, 6th, 12th,18th and 24th hours. There were no significant differences found betvveen the groups according to spontaneous eye opening and recovery times ( p>0.05 ). Nausea-vomiting rate was found to be high in 0-2, 2-6, 12-18 hours in Group S ( p<0.05), but there was no difference in 6-12 hours ( p>0.05). Nausea-vomiting was not seen in any of the groups in 18-24 hours. İn conclusion no differences were found betvveen these anesthesia methods according to postoperative recovery, although nausea-vomiting rates appearently lovver in Group P. For this reason propofol anesthesia was decided to be an alternative for the middle ear surgery which has a high incidence ofpostoperative nausea and vomiting.

The recent developments involving the molecular basis, diagnosis and treatment of Alport's syndrome was reviewed. The determination of the nature of type IV collağen and localisation of its genes have provided new insights in the understanding of the different sign and symptoms of Alport's syndorme and helped to reach new approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Immunohistochemical examinations may help to distinguish the X linked and autosomal forms of Alport's syndrome. The genomic investigations may be reçuired in suspected cases. İn this disease with no effective treatment the gene therapy is promising.

Tumors arising from urinary bladder diverticula is a rare lesion. 76-year-old man who was presented with hematüria examined with radiologic methods. Tumoral lesions reaching into diverticula and bladder cavity were detected by ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Particularly, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are confident to determine diverticular neoplasms.

Chronlc myeloid leukemia accounts for 2-5% of cases of childhood leukemia. There are two types: adult type (A-CML) and juvenile type (J-CML). Juvenile type accounts for 18% of cases of the childhood myelodysplastic syndrome. Adult type is seen in the childhood period two fold of juvenile type. Leucocytosis, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, bone marrow elements in the periferic smear are the common findings. Skin rash, monocytosis, fetal hemoglobin above 10% and absence of Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome are the typical findings of J-CML and increase in the number of the megakaryocytic and eosinofilic series in the bone marrow, leucocytosis above 100.000/mm 3 and existence of Ph chromosome are the typical findings of A-CML. Since the chronic leukemia cases are rarely seen in the childhood period, we aimed to present two cases having mentioned symptoms, one of which is a 3 years old boy diagnosed as J-CML, the other is 4 years old boy diagnosed as A-CML.

Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD-IV) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by a deficiency of glycogen branching enzyme (GBE) activity. This results in the accumulation of abnormal glycogen in the liver and ot her organs. İn this study, the case of a 5-month-old female patient proven GSD-IV with percutaneous needle biopsy is reported and the importance of this disease among the causes of cirhosis in infancy is stressed.