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Aim: Kluyvera sp., a Gram-negative bacterium in Enterobacteriaceae family, may give rise to such infections as urinary system infections, enteritis, soft tissue infections and sepsis in children. It is known that Kluyvera species is an opportunistic pathogen detected in immunosuppressed hosts as well as in immunocompetent ones. Considering that it may enlight future studies related to Kluyvera infections, studies in the literature have been scanned. Material and Method: The data about Kluyvera spp. isolates were obtained retrospectively from clinical microbiology records. Result: It was seen that, of the 3 Kluyvera isolates, 1 was a urine specimen, and the other 2 were from umbli cal area. In this study, antimicrobial susceptibility studies of the clinically significant Kluyvera isolates showed susceptibility patterns similar to those reported in the medical literature, namely trends of resistance to ampicillin and first- and second-generation cephalosporins. Moreover none of the clinically significant isolates were resistant to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, and trimethoprim+sulfametoxazole. Conclusion: It was concluded in the light of both the studies in the literatüre and this study that rare and opportunistic organisms, such as Kluyvera may be an infection cause in children.

Aim: It is aimed to evaluate the necessity of echocardiographic asssesment for the patients in whom the innocent heart murmurs are heard after the cardiovascular system examination. Material and Methods: The files of 466 patients, ages varied between 1 day and 17 years-old, who were performed echocardiographic assessment and referred to our Pediatric Cardiology Outpatient Clinic because of innocent heart murmur due to physical examination, electrocardiography and telecardiograpy between June 2007- December 2007 were evaluated respectively. Result: Patients who have innocent heart murmurs were not detected any important cardiac patology for hemodynamic physiology. Also, when the innocent heart murmurs is evaluated according to types, it is determinated that the most heart murmur is the innocent pulmoner murmur (47,4%). Results: In 69% of the patients who were performed ecocardiographic assesment, minor congenital heart anomalies were establised with any hemodynamic abnormalities and also 12% of them were given infective endocarditis preventive treatment. For this reason; it is determined to be suitable that echocardiographic assesment for the children who are reffered to our outpatient clinic because of heart murmur in physical examination despite the result of innocent heart murmur.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of intraarticular administration of sufentanil and morphine on postoperative pain and analgesic requirements after artroscopic knee procedures. Material and Method: Sixty patients scheduled for artroscopic knee surgery were randomised into three groups. A standart general anesthesia was used for all patients At the end the surgery , before the artroscope was removed the following solutions were administerd in 20 ml of normal saline. Group I:(n:20) 20 ml normal saline, Group II:(n:20) 10mg sufentanil, Group III:(n:20) 2 mg morphine. Awaken time of the patients was estimated as time 0 and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores were assesed. IV PCA (Patient Controlled Analgesia) was given as tramadol. The PCA deliveries at 30 min, 2 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours and total tramadol requirements for 24 hours were noted. Result: VAS scores were significantly lower in group II(p< 0.05). The consumption of tramadol at 30 min was also lower in group II when compared to group I and group III (p<0.05). Intraarticular sufentanil significantly reduced the postoperative consumption of analgesics (p<0.05). Conclusion: As a result we concluded that intraarticular sufentanil using in artroscopic knee procedures is simple, effective, safe and well tolerated analgesic techinique. This study showed that the onset of analgesia was faster and stronger with intraarticular sufentanil.

Results: Hemodynamic variables were similar between two groups. Levels of lactate and glucose were higher and urine output and pH were lower, with epinephrine than with norepinephrine. Conclusion: Norepineprine and epinephrine have similar hemodynamic effects, but epinephrine can impair metabolic distrubance and urine output.

Aim: This study aimed to determine which of these parameters is effective in surgical decision making. Material and Method: The study population consisted of 87 patients, 56 (64%) male and 31 (36%) female [mean age, 8.18±1.25 years (±SD); range, 1 to 16 years], who were examined and investigated in our department. Two groups were studied: Operated group (O group) who underwent surgery and included 76 children and nonoperated group (NO group) who did not undergone surgery and included 11 children. In both groups age, gender, preoperative temperature, leukocyte count in blood and urine, the plain XRay film of the abdomen, abdominal ultrasonography (USG), nasogastric drenage (NGD), preoperative diagnosis and treatment were identified. Results: In preoperative period temperature were significantly high in only perforated appendicitis compared with other causes of abdominal pain (P=0.028). Gase-liquid level in perforated appendicitis and gase image in acute appendicitis were significantly high compared with other causes of abdominal pain in plain graphy (P=0.001). USG was rather significant in the differential diagnosis of intussuception and mesenteric lymphadenopathy compared with other causes of abdominal pain in this period (P=0.000). In addition, USG was found as a valuable parameter in surgical decision making. Leukocyte count in blood (P=0.346), the leucocyte in urine (P=0.131), NGD (P=0.205) were not significant in surgical making decision. Conclusion: It was shown that temperature were significantly high and gase-liquid level in the patients who are suspected to be perforated appendicitis of the patients who have abdominal pain in preoperative period. We may say that abdominal USG is effective especially in the differential diagnosis of intussuception and mesenter lymphadenitis to avoid unnecessary surgical procedures.

Aim: Sitosterolemia -also known as phytosterolemia- is a rare autosomal, recessively inherited disease characterized by elevated plasma and tissue plant sterol concentrations. Sitosterolemia is characterized by tendon and tuberous xanthomas and by a strong propensity toward premature coronary atherosclerosis. In this article information concerning sitosterolemia disease are reviewed. Main Main Findings: In contrast to healthy subjects with total plasma plant sterols less than 1 mg/dl, patients with sitosterolemia have plasma phytosterol levels in the range of 12 to 40 mg/dl. The main plant sterols in patients with phytosterolemia are sitosterol and kampesterol but also elevated levels of stigmasterol, avenasterol, brassikasterol, kampestanol, sitostanol are found. Sitosterolemia has been shown to result from mutations in either of the genes for 2 proteins (ABCG5 or ABCG8). These ABC transporters preferentially pump plant sterols out of intestinal cells into the gut lumen, thereby decreasing sterol absorption. Results: We believe that it is important to measure blood sitosterol levels in suspicious patients in order to get correct diagnosis and treatment the sitosterolemia.

Aim: Diagnosed with multifocal dystonia, the subjects without trauma, exposure to toxic substances, metabolic diseases or the history of chronic drug use were aimed to be discussed in light of literature. Case Report: A 62- year-old man was recruited to our clinic with the complaints of the pain on the right half of the neck, tenderness, contractions on both hands, more definite on the right. In his history, it was determined that the pain on the right half of the neck had been present for two years and the complaint of contraction on the right hand had just started after the right neck pain, and that contraction on the left hand had existed for one year. On his physical examination, a mass which could palpably be felt, in size of 1x1 cm, of neatly framed and tender was observed on the right half of the neck. On the neurologic examination, dystonia existed on both hands, more marked on the right, and tonus had increased on both upper extremities in the nature of rigidity. On the cervical MRI, definite protrusion on C5-6, left paramedian protrusion on C5-6, C6-7 and cord impression on C5-6 were present. Conclusion: What makes our case remarkable is timely correlation between pain on right half of neck and beginning of dystonia on right upper extremity. Chronic pain could lead to movement disorder in the form of dystonia by disinhibitation of the silent spinal cord central pattern generator by causing hyperexitability of spinal interneurons.

Aim: Lipoma arborescens is a rare intra-articular disease whose etiopatogenesis remains unknown.It was the aim to describe the radiological findings and to discuss the differential diagnosis. Case Report: Lipoma arborescens is a lesion characterized by the replacement of the subsynovial tissue by fat cells giving rise to a villous proliferation. It commonly affects the knee. Accurate diagnosis is important for surgical treatment. A 34-year-old patient who was suffering from a pain in his knee joint was examined by convansional radiography, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The lesion was diagnosed as lipoma arborescens especially with magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: The characteristic MR features of lipoma arborescens which has nonspecific clinical findings allows an accurate diagnosis.