Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the perioperative and postoperative follow-up results of patients operated for a parotid mass.

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Materials and Methods: A total of 66 patients who were operated between 2000 and 2011, were evaluated retrospectively.

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Results: The mean age of the patients was 48,6. On the basis of post-operative histopathologic assessement, 61 of the cases were found to be primary benign, 3 of the cases  primary malignant and 2 of the cases secondary malignant. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most common in primary benign tumors group with 29 cases, Warthin tumors were in the second place with 14 cases. Adenoid cystic carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and expleomorphic adenoma were observed as primary malignant tumors. Both of the seconder malignant tumors were metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma. Sensitivity and specifity of the preoperative fine needle aspiration biopsy in the benign-malignant differentiation were found as 60 % and 96 %, respectively. Superfacial parotidectomy, total parotidectomy and radical parotidectomy were used as surgical procedures. In addition to this procedure, neck dissection was performed in several cases. The most frequent complication was temporary facial nerve paresis.

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Conclusion: Fine needle aspiration biopsy is an effective diagnostic procedure for the benign-malignant differentiation of the parotid tumors. Superfacial parotidectomy is an adequate and efficient surgical procedure for the benign parotid tumors and complication risk is considerably low when applied carefully. For malignant tumors, superfacial, total or radical parotidectomy should be performed and when necessary, neck dissection and postoperative radiotherapy should be added to the treatment.

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Aim: Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Tumor budding has been
shown to be a prognostic factor in many cancers. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic
significance of tumor budding in intestinal-type gastric adenoc arcinoma.
Patients and Methods: A total of 152 cases diagnosed as intestinal type gastric adenocarcinoma in
the Pathology Clinic between 2015 and 2021 were included in the study. Tumor budding was grouped
as low, medium and high. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides were re-evaluated in terms of tumor
differentiation, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), perineural invasion (PNI), lymph node involvement, depth
of invasion (pT) and tumor budding.
Results: Tumor budding was low in 30.9% (n=47) of the subjects included in the study, moderate in 37.5%
(n=57) and high in 31.4% (n=48). Statistically, as tumor budding increased, tumor size increased (p<0,05),
follow-up times were shortened, survival time (p<0,05), and tumor differentiation (p<0,05) decreased. A
statistically significant correlation was observed between tumor budding and LVI (p<0,05), PNI (p<0,05),
pT(p<0,05), lymph node involvement(p<0,05), and mortality of the cases (p<0,05). No statistically
significant correlation was observed between tumor budding and gender, age, tumor localization and
operation type (p>0.05).
Conclusions: Tumor budding is associated with poor prognostic factors. As it may be important to guide
the treatment modality and follow-up, tumor budding status may be mentioned in routine pathology reports.

Early stage cervical cancers involve stage I and stage IIA. The treatment is radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. Besides the operation can be performed by laparotomy, with the development of laparoscopic technology, the treatment has been started with laparoscopic radical hysterectomy and laparoscopic lymph node dissection. The advantages of laparoscopic approach are less analgesic requirement, minimal postoperative discomfort, shorter hospital stay and faster return to normal daily activities. In this article, a patient was presented having early stage cervical cancer at 30 years old; therefore, applied laparoscopic radical hysterectomy (type III), laparoscopic bilateral pelvic para-aortic lymph node dissection. Also, despite possibility receive radiotherapy, laparoscopic bilateral ovarian transposition was applied due to remove ovaries from radiation area. This operation can not be performed at any center, because it requires advanced experience.

Lung cancer is the most common among cause of cancer deaths in worldwide. NSCLC represent between 80% to 85% of all the diagnosed lung cancers cases. Systemic chemotherapy for patients with NSCLC has limited impact on overall survival. Patients eligible for chemotherapy should be selected carefully. The aim of this study analyzed prognostic factors for survival in NSCLC patients. We retrospectively reviewed 741 NSCLC patients between 2000 and 2012. Ten potential prognostic variables were chosen for analysis in this study. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify prognostic factors associated with survival. Univariate and multivariate statistical methods were used to determine prognostic factors. Among the 10 variables of univariate analysis, three variables were identified to have prognostic significance: performans status (PS), diabetes mellitus (DM) and stage. Multivariate analysis included the 3 prognostic significance factors in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis by Cox proportional hazard model showed that PS was considered independent prognostic factors for survival, as were DM and stage. In conclusion, PS, DM and stage were identified as important prognostic factors in NSCLC patients. These findings may also facilitate pretreatment prediction of survival and can be used for selecting patients for treatment.

Breast reconstruction is an essential part of the breast cancer threapy. The transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap has been widely used for reconstruction of the breast. Partial loss of the flap is still a major problem. The defficiency of flap perfusion may cause partial necrosis of the flap. Periferic vasodilatation may increases flap viability. The aim of this study is evaluation of affect of nebivolol on rat TRAM flap perfusion. Nebivolol is a selective β1 adrenergic receptor antagonist that causes a direct vasodilator effect attributed to the action on vascular nitric oxide (NO). In this study 30 male spraque–dawley rats were used. A pedicled TRAM flap based upon the the right inferior epigastric artery was elevated and reapproximated. Animals were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups (n:6). Group 1 received no nebivolol. Groups 2 through 5 were administered 100 mg/kg nebivolol orally 24 hours preoperatif; in addition groups 2 to 4 received orally postoperatif for 7 days. Group 3 also received intraoperatively; groups 4 and 5 were given nebivolol orally for 7 days before the 24 hours preoperatif treatment. Seven days after surgery skin paddles were photographed and assessed for viability. In seventh day blood lactate levels were measured. Statically significant differences were found in all experimental groups relative to the controls. Group 4 displayed the greatest improvement in flap viability, significantly better than other nebivolol groups. This study indicates that nebivolol may provide a useful pharmacologic tool for reducing iscemia-reletad necrosis in TRAM flaps.

Among bone lesions, bone metastases are the most common lesions leading to malignant destruction. Bone metastases commonly result in severe pain that is hard to handle. Appropriate treatment of pain associated with bone metastases is critical for the improvement of the patients’ quality of life. In this article, current treatment approaches regarding bone metastasis are reviewed.

Between August 1969 and August 1981 105 patients with breast car-cinoma were operated on at the General Surgery Department of Medical Faculty of Diyarbakır University. We studied the case noter of these pa-tients. There were 98 female and 7 male patients. Radical mastectomy was performed on 93 patients, and simple mastectomy on 12 cases. Dur-ing the postoperative period, there were 3 deaths in 105 patients with bre-ast carcinoma. The mortality rate was 2.8 percent.

Between 1985 and 1998 three men with breast cancer vere treated in our depantnent, Physlcal exa-mination and treatment results of these patients are presented. Follow up period was 13 years in one pa-tient, more than two years in the other two patients. We preferred radical mastectorny in these three pa-tients because of the small volume of the breast, and the close lacotion of the pectoral fascia in men.

The metastatic ovarian tumors constitute 3 to 8% of all and 10 to 30% of malignant ovarian tumors. The common primary sites for metastatic disease to the ovaries include the colon stomach, breast and the genitoürinary tract. Hematolojic malignancies, including lymhoma and leukemia, also involve the ovaries. Clinical history, tumor markers, tumor morphological-histological features and imaging features are useful to distinguish secondary ovarian tumors from primary ovarian tumors. Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) provides useful information for characterization of various ovarian benign or malign masses. The use of MRI for diagnosis of ovarian masses includes consideration of morphologic characteristics and signal intensity characteristics on T1 and T2-weighted images. It is important to determine the ovarian metastasis due to change the method of treatment. İn this case we present MRI an ultrasound findings of bilateral ovarian metastasis of lobular breast cancer.

Occult breast cancer is a type of cancer with no symptoms found upon physical examination on the breasts or which can not be radiologically shown. It generally manifests itself with axillary metastasis with no known primary tumor. Breast cancer in males is rarely seen. Occult breast cancer, on the other hand, is even rarer and only case reports were found in literature. A 46-year-old male patient had excisional biopsy at another medical facility because of a palpable mass on his right armpit. The pathological diagnosis had stated that the patient had adenocarcinoma metastasis with symptoms implying an infiltrative ductal carcinoma metastasis of the breast. Abdominal and thoracic tomography, upper and lower gastrointestinal system endoscopy procedures were performed on the patient in order to determine the primary focus. Breast ultrasonography, breast magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography were also performed. Upon not being able to detect any positive findings, the patient was considered to have occult breast carcinoma and modified radical mastectomy was performed. In conclusion, in the presence of metastatic lymph node with no known primary tumor in the axillary, the possibility of occult breast cancer should be taken into consideration even if the patient is male.

Skeletal muscle metastasis from non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a rare event and the optimal treatment strategy is still unknown. Herein we report a case with biceps metastasis from NSCLC. A 50-year-old man with a distant biceps metastasis due to NSCLC is presented. One month after chemo-radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy the patient was readmitted with a painful mass located on the right biceps brachii muscle. A biopsy of the painful mass disclosed the muscle metastasis pulmonary adenocarcinoma. The patient was treated with palliative radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy was planned. At the end of the palliative radiotherapy his pain was disappeared. Two months later (18 months after the diagnosis) the patient died of respiratory failure. Palliative radiotherapy may be a good treatment option for patient with muscle metastasis from NSCLC.

It was reported previously that serum total sialic acid levels were increased in various cancers including breast cancer. We aimed to evaluate the effect of aromatase inhibitor therapy on serum total sialic acid levels in breast cancer patients. Total sialic acid levels were determined in sera of 20 patients with breast cancer and treated with aromatase inhibitors. Total sialic acid levels were determined by a colorimetric method. Serum total sialic acid levels were 15,06±2,71 mmol/ml and 8,17±5,31 mmol/ml at the beginning and three months after the treatment respectively. Thus, a significant decrease in total sialic acid levels was observed after the treatment (p

Although it remains relatively stable childhood cancer rates in the last two years, thanks to advances in early diagnosis and treatment there has been a serious decline in the mortality rate. Despite all these developments, it still experienced today that children diagnosed with cancer 75% more than they can not survive more than five years. Before cancer treatment, oral and dental health problems may impair during and after the child’s health and quality of life. Therefore, pediatric dentists, the provision of oral hygiene and dental treatment needs of these patients have a very important place.

Appendiceal mucocele is the distension of the appendix lumen with mucoid material. Appendix rupture or peritoneal implantations do not occur in mucosal hyperplasia. However, if perforated, it might spread inside the abdomen and the resulting condition is called pseudomyxoma peritonei. Appendectomy was performed on an eight five year-old female patient because of appendiceal mucocele one year ago. Pseudomyxoma peritonei was determined in the followups. Laparotomy was performed on the patient. The implants in the abdomen were cleaned and omentectomy was performed. In appendiceal mucocele, the mass should be removed totally without being perforated. It might spread inside the abdomen following tumor perforation and pseudomyxoma peritonei might occur. When pseudomyxoma peritonei is found, radiotherapy should be planned following the total removal of the tumor.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognosis value of tumor size and preoperative albumin levels in gastric cancer patients treated with postoperative chemoradiotherapy. Patients and Methods: Patients records reviewed retrospectively. Clinicopathologic features were analyzed. 199 patients who applied to our clinic between 15.1.2010-31.12.2016 were included in this study. The primary end points of this study were to evaluate the overall survival (OS) and the disease free survival(DFS). Results: Mean follow up time was 20.43 months. Distant metastases devoloped in 50 patients and 102 patients were alive. In multivariate analyses , advanced T stage, history of smoking, preoperative albumin level less than 3.5 gr/dl and tumor size more than 8 cm were found to have poor prognostıc effect on OS. Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and tumor size were showed negative effects on DFS. For statistical analyses SPSS( statistical package for social sciences) 21.0 statistical package was used. Conclusions: Despite recent treatment modalities the prognosis of gastric cancer is still poor and novel prognostic factors together with the current ones may be helpful to predict decision of proper treatment modalities and survival of the patients

Purpose: Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma poses a management challenge due to the lack of reliable prognostic markers. Although tumor budding (TB) has been shown to predict poor prognosis in some malignancies, its prognostic significance in laryngeal cancer remains uncertain in the literature. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of TB on prognosis and its correlation with other established prognostic factors in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Patients and Methods: In the department of otolaryngology the files of 60 patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent surgery, postoperative chemoradiotherapy between 2008 and 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. The patient’s history, family history, age, TNM (tumor, node, metastases) classification, radiological imaging, type of surgery performed, and the results of the pathological specimen were evaluated. PanCK immunohistochemical staining was performed on old paraffin block sections containing tumoral tissue, previously stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin. The TB scores were evaluated by the pathology department, and the association between all obtained parameters and clinicopathological variables was analyzed.

Results: Our findings showed a significant association between tumor budding and perineural infiltration, a known prognostic factor for laryngeal carcinoma (P=0.006). TB was found to be an independent risk factor for perineural infiltration and pathological lymph node involvement (p=0.003). Pathological lymph node involvement was also found to be an independent risk factor for lymphovascular invasion (p=0.028).

Conclusions: Our study provides evidence for a significant association between tumor budding and perineural infiltration, which are established prognostic factors in laryngeal carcinoma. This suggests that tumor budding may be an important factor in determining tumor prognosis.

Objective: The aim was to review the hormonal status, treatment and histopathological diagnosis of patients admitted to our endocrinology outpatient clinic with the diagnosis of adrenal incidentaloma.

Material and Methods:Between 2015-2018, 217 patients with adrenal incidentaloma who were admitted to the endocrinology outpatient clinic were included in the study. 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST), 24 hour urine free cortisol, 24-hour urine methanephrine and normetanephrine levels were evaluated in all patients.Patients who also have hypertension or hypokalemiawere screened for the plasma aldosterone/renin activity ratio. CT or MRI imaging properties of adrenal incidentalomas were screened.

Results: In the evaluation of cases; 180 (83%) of the masses were evaluated as non-functional and 37 (17%) as functional. Of the 37 patients evaluated as having functional adrenal mass; 10 (4.6%) pheochromocytoma, 5 (2.3%) Cushing's syndrome, 9 (4.1%) subclinical Cushing’s syndrome and 13 (6%) primary hyperaldesteronism were detected. In 180 patients who were evaluated as having non-functional adrenal mass; metastatic disease in 7 (3 non-small cell lung cancer, 1 breast cancer, 1 prostate carcinoma and 2 unknown primary cancer), myelolipoma in 4, ganglioneuroma in 1, hydatid cyst in 1, adrenocortical carcinoma in 2 patients were detected.

Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it is not uncommon for adrenal incidentalomas to be functional. It may be malignant in some cases. For this reason, adrenal incidentaloma is a condition that should be examined both in terms of
functionality and malignancy potential.

One hundred female patients alt of who had breast cancer were applied Madden's modified radical mastectomy technque. The cases were examined considering the age of the patient, the localisation and size of the tumor, axillary metastasis and classification. Complications and the rate of mortality and survival were studied. The results were as hopeful as radical mastectomy.

\r\n Locally advanced rectal cancer is one of the best example that optimal outcomes are achieved with a multidisciplinary approach. The mainstay of curative treatment remains radical surgery; however, combine with radiotherapy is the optimal treatment to control local recurrence and to improve survival. To date, preoperative radiotherapy is shown to be superior than postoperatif radiotherapy. In this review, we aimed to evaluate the application methods, advantages and disadvantages of preoperative radiotherapy.

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Vitamin D is a liposoluble prohormon and a secosteroid which is produced in the skin after exposure to sun-shine. It is turned to calsitriol which has an important role in the calcium and phosphate metabolism by different metabolic pathways. Deficiency of vitamin D is related to some factors such as less sunlight exposure, inadequately intake of vitamin D and absorbtion problems. Studies recently done have shown vitamin D deficiency exists in many people. The effects of vitamin D deficiency on numerous diseases and functional disorders such as chronic musculoskeletal pain, Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM), obesity, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, microalbuminuria, renal failure involving colon, prostat and breast cancers either are reported in literature.Vitamin D is one of the main structural elements playing an essential role in several metabolic pathways both directly and indirectly providing numerous functions carring vital importance for organism. In spite of causing a lot of functional disorders and diseases, vitamin D replacement therapy in case of deficiency is safe, economic and simple unless neglected. In this review, we aimed to demonstrate the metabolism, functions and effects of vitamin D, increased risks of chronic diseases likely to be encountered in vitamin D deficiency and the importance of vitamin D replacement therapy.

in this study, we investigated the relation of fibrocystic disease and carcinoma of the breast. We tok specimens from every quadrani of breasts removed for carcinoma, which have been sent to Department of Pathology from Department of Sur,gery for pathologic examination. We wanted to investigate the fibrocystic disease together with carcinorna. Among 18 specimens we found that fibrocystic disease together with carcinoma was 55,6%, and thought that there might be a relation between fibrocystic disease and carcinoma of the breast, we tizus concluded that fibrocystic disease might be a predispose to a breast carcinoma.

Extensive surgical excision, free skin graft and regio•al lymphadeno-idectomy for therapeutic or prophylactic reasons were performed in fifteen malign skin melanoma cases. They were kept under postoperative chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherayp afterwards and various aspects of melanomas were examined.

Aim: Radiotherapy plays a significant role in the management of head and neck cancers. However, mucositis and xerostomia are the most common side effects in curative treatment. The aim of this prospective, randomized study is to compare the efficacy of zinc sulphate and amifostine in preventation of radiation induced salivary gland damage in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients using quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy (QSGS). Patients and Methods: Thirty patients with HNC who had received radio±chemotherapy were randomly assigned to receive either zinc sulfate or amifostine. All the patients were once a week during RT for oral mucositis using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) Acute Radiation Morbidity Scoring criteria, and measurement of body weight. Before and 2 months after treatment, salivary gland scintigraphy was performed. Using the time–activity curves, changes in the maximum uptake (UR) and relative saliva excretion rate (ER) between pre- and post- treatment were calculated. The measurements were statistically compared using paired Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results: The protective effect of zinc sulphate on the salivary glands was similar to amifostine and there were no statistically significant difference in UR, ER results at QSGS, oral mucositis or weight loss between the two groups. Conclusion: The effectiveness of both support therapy was compared and there was no significant difference in efficacy. However, because of the cost difference, the use of the zinc sulphate can be an alternative to amifostine for prevention of xerostomia, oral mucositis and other toxic effects. Further studies with more patients and follow-up are suggested in this regard.

The amount of data, increasing together with the technology, has brought the concept of “data warehouse” in every field of life. Data Mining is a set of approaches analyzing these data warehouses formed by very large data sets and allows to gather useful information. One of the fields where the amount of data is large and getting larger everyday is the health sector. Many personal and medical data belonging to thousands of patients are recorded and stored. However, small part of these data can be analyzed and the remaining part may not be helpful to obtain useful information. The data in warehouses must be analyzed to improve the methods for hospital management systems, treatment and health care systems to reduce the costs. Since analyzing large data sets using classical statistical methods is difficult, various data mining methods have been developed and these methods have become more feasible with the help of certain softwares. Association rule is an important datamining task to find hidden patterns between the variables and used recently in the field of healthcare. In this study, we have calculated the support and confidence of the associations in data set. APRIORI algorithm have been applied onto the retrospectively obtained breast cancer data belonging to Oncology Hospital of Meram Faculty of Medicine.

Fort he assesment of the suitable therapy and prognosis; some histopathological features especially determining axillary lymph nodes correctly becomes so much important. Between the years 1998 and 2001 at Selcuk University Meram Medical Faculty pathology Laboratory 777 axillary Iymph nodes materials obtained from 47 modified mastectomy examined retrospectively for determining the micrometastasis that couldn’t be found before. After serial sections in 2 of 19 cases micrometastasis were found. These 19 patient were said not to have metastasis before. The incidence of finding micrometastasis decreased as the serial section counts increased. As a result; serial section method is more effective than routine examinations for determining the micrometastasis and in the examinations using 20µ section interval and taking 6 sections is a recommendable method.

Objective: Most of the renal neoplasms are the epithelial and malign ones. The renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which is the most frequently seen malign renal tumor, consists of 2-4% of all the malign tumors seen among adult individuals and 80-90% of all the malign renal tumors. RCCs peak at sixties and seventies and its prevalence among males is two folds of its prevalence among females. RCCs have bad prognosis. The recurrence is seen in 40% of the cases, and the metastasis despite the early diagnosis was detected in 50% of cases. In present study, it was aimed to distribution of renal tumors in our hospital, discuss the prognostic factors such as the, pathological stage, nuclear grade and tumor diameter accompanied by literature information.

Patients and Method: By retrospectively scanning the records of Pathology Department of Medical Faculty, Fırat University, for the period between 1988 and 2009, 140 renal tumor cases were determined and the previous diagnoses, histological degrees, pathological stages of these cases were evaluated and the final diagnoses were taken as base in the present study. In pathologically staging (pT) of RCCs, TNM classification was used, whereas Fuhrman nuclear grading (FNG) was used in nuclear grading procedure. The patients were divided into different groups based on their genders and ages. The statistical analyses were performed in SPSS-12.0 software by using Chi-Square and Correlation tests.

Results: When compared to the literature in terms of the mean age, the present study involves relatively young population (mean age 57), and the majority was male (male/ female:1.1). The distributions of renal tumours, malign and benign subtypes, and RCC subtypes show similarities with the general literature. When examining the RCCs statistically, no significant relationship was found between diagnosis and age, and between nuclear grade and tumor diameter (p>0.05). In the present study, the RCCs with largest diameter were papillary type (9,78cm) ones, whereas the RCCs with lowest diameter values were classic type. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the benign, borderline and malign tumor diagnoses and diameters (p= 0.023). It was determined that approximately one-four of RCC cases were in highly pathological stage (21,6%, pT3a-3b). A direct proportional and statistically significant relationship was found between nuclear grade and diameter (p=0,002).

Conclusion: RCCs have poor prognosis and their frequency is increasing. Pathological stage, nuclear grade and diameter are the leading factors affecting the prognosis. As in our study, in retrospective studies involving old ages and not enough sampling, tumor diameter may be used as an alternative prognostic factor for pathological staging in tumors with a stage above pT2.

Aim: To assess prospectively the role of resistive indicies (RI) in determining the response to radiotherapy by transvaginal color doppler ultrasound (TVCDUS) and to correlate the results with MRI findings. Material and Method: 13 patients with advanced stage (>stage IIA) cervical cancer evaluated by MRI of the pelvis and TVUS before and 6 months after radiotherapy treatment. The mean resistive indicies before and after daiotherapy were measured from the periphery and the center of the tumor and were compared. These values were further correlated with both MR findings and RI values of the control group. Results: B mode TVUS identified the mass of all patients before therapy. RI measured 0.20-0.82 (mean=0.52) and 0.70-0.99 (mean=0.81) before and after the radiotherapy respectively in 13 patients. 11 showed full response clinically and accordingly, MR showed no residual tumor. MR examination and US showed residual tumor in two patients. The increase in RI before and after the radiotherapy was statistically significant (p=0.001) in the full response group. RI did not increase in two patients with residua. The mean RI measured from the control group was 0.65 and was significantly higher than the RI of the patients measured before therapy. Conclusion: Spectral features of TVCDUS can be a good alternative in the follow up response of cervix carcinoma to therapy, since a significant correlation between MRI findings and RI measurements are found.

Eighty year old, male patient presented to our clinic with symptoms of difficult nose breathing, epistaxis and rarely hemoptysis. No abnormalities were seen during oral, anterior nasal and ear examination of the patient. A mass in the nasopharynx was observed during the fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopic examination. The patient was diagnosed as extramedullary plasmacytoma based on the deep biopsy from nasopharynx. Plasmacytomas are tumors of plasma cells, develop outside the bone marrow as solitary masses and they may be associated with multiple myeloma. Cases of extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) in the head-neck area develops rarely. Malignant tumors of the nasopharynx are treated surgically and/or via radiotherapy. Extramedullary plasmacytomas are known to be radiosensitive, however, many authors recommend a combined therapy of surgery and radiotherapy. All the treatment options were explained to the patient, however, the patient did not accept surgery. Therefore, the patient was started on radiotherapy and no recurrences were observed during the twenty-nine-month follow-up period. More caution should be exercised for elderly patients presenting with nasal obstruction, epistaxis, and their nasopharynx as well as nasal cavity should be endoscopically assessed in detail.

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women and second cancer leading death among cancer deaths in women (after lung cancer). Simultaneous bilateral breast cancer is seen 1-2% and metachronous 5-8%. Bilateral breast cancer has worse prognosis than unilateral breast cancer. Locoregional recurrences after mastectomy is often occure in bone, muscle, skin or subcutaneous tissue of the chest wall, and that was seen approximately until 2 years. In skin metastases; asymmetric nodules, eritematose rash, itching, bleeding, ulceration, symptoms and signs such as necrotic exuda can be seen. Breast cancer treatment should be made by a multidisciplinary team. Radiotherapy in these patients are curative or palliative. In this case, we aimed to show the effectiveness of the electron beam in modern radiotherapy.

Abstract

Aim: Since clinical and prognostic heterogeneity is observed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (‎DLBCL) patients, it is vital to determine its prognostic and predictive factors. The frequency of these factors varies geographically and ethnically. We aimed to reevaluate and discuss the prognostic and predictive ‎factors of DLBCL patients who have been treated with R-CHOP in our ‎center based on the WHO 2017 revised 4^th edition.‎ We also investigated the incidence of EBV in DLBCL-NOS.

Patients and Methods: Patients with DLBCL-NOS diagnosed previously in our hospital between 2007-2017 and treated with ‎R-CHOP were included in the study. We evaluated the expressions of CD10, CD5, CD30, BCL-2, BCL-6, MUM-1, MYC, LMP-1, EBNA-2, Ki-67, and p53, by immunohistochemistry, and EBV encoded RNA by in situ hybridization in 104 cases of DLBCL-NOS. The Revised International Prognostic Index (R-IPI) score and the overall survival time ‎was ‎calculated.

Results: The study included 56 men (53.8%) and 48 women (46.2%). The median age was 64.5 years. In 59.6% of the patients, the disease had a nodal beginning, whereas in 40.4% of the patients it had an ‎extranodal presentation. High ‎stage (III-IV) was present in 26.5% of the GCB subtype and 43.6% of non-GCB subtype (p=0.049). A high ‎R-IPI score was observed in 40% of GCB subtype and 54.5% of non-GCB subtype (p=0.028). Survival was significantly lower in the non-GCB subtype (log-rank test p=0.003).‎ The EBV frequency was about 3% as it is reported in Western populations. The frequency of DEL status was 8.7%, indicating that it was associated with inferior survival (p=0.045). De novo CD5⁺ DLBCL ratio as 13% and it was also associated with inferior survival (p=0.013).  We also found CD30⁺ DLBCL ratio as 11.5%, but we could not establish a significant relationship with prognosis.

Conclusion: DLBCL-NOS requires detailed subtyping and elaboration of prognostic factors. ‎The frequency of DEL status and De novo CD5⁺ DLBCL indicated that it was associated with inferior survival. However, we could not establish ‎a meaningful relationship of CD30⁺ DLBCL with prognosis.‎ Three EBV positive cases were identified and two of them were classified as ‘EBV positive large B cell lymphoma’ according to the WHO 2017 revised 4^th edition.

Keywords: Diffuse Large-Cell Lymphoma; Prognostic Factors; Survival

Colorectal cancer remains a significant health problem today. In parallel to the developments in the field of surgery, improvements in adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment modalities lead to increase in both local control and overall survival times. The main purpose of this review is to discuss the current treatment options of rectal cancer with literature data. Surgery is an essential treatment option for rectal cancer. Treatment success for rectal cancer has been increasing by the help of neoadjuvant (preoperative) or adjuvant (postoperative) modalities. According to the recent studies, preoperative (chemo) radiation therapy is superior to postoperative treatment in terms of local control and sphincter preservation. However, there is not enough data regarding to the difference between the efficacy of shortterm preoperative radiotherapy and long-term chemoradiotherapy. Today, for the treatment of rectum cancer, preoperative (chemo) radiotherapy is superior to postoperative (chemo) radiotherapy in terms of overall survival and local control. However, new prospective randomized trials should be designed to compare the short term and long term preoperative (chemo) radiotherapy.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the general characteristics, survival time and prognostic factors affecting the high grade glial tumor after radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Patients and Methods: Data of 166 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Included histopathologically confirmed cases were grade 3 anaplastic astrocytoma and grade 4 glioblastoma multiforme. Patients were treated with curative radiotherapy and simultaneous ± adjuvant Temozolamide. Results: 73% of the patients were male, 27% were female and the median age was 57 years. 21% were anaplastic astrocytomas, 79% were glioblastom multiforme. 40% of the patients were total, 49% of the patients were subtotally operated and 11% of the patients had only biopsy for diagnostic purposes. The median Karnofski performance score of the patients before radiotherapy was 90. 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy was applied to 37% of the patients, 63% of the patients were treated with intensity-adjusted radiotherapy technique. Simultaneous Temozolamide was administered with 92% of patients’ radiotherapy. The median follow-up time was 15 months. Overall survival rates were 82 months for anaplastic astrocytoma and 15.5 months for glioblastome multiforme (p <0.001). Overall survival rates at 1, 2, and 5 years were 77%, 59%, and 55% for anaplastic astrocytoma and 59%, 33%, and 4% for glioblastome multiforme, respectively. Median overall survival in patients aged <50 years was 39.3 months, while age ≥50 years was 12.4 months (p <0.001). Overall survival according to operation pattern was 33.2 months in total exposures, 13.8 months in subtotal resections, and 4.9 months in biopsies (p = 0.00). Overall survival was 8.1 months with a performance of <70, while overall survival was 22.3 22.3 months with ≥70 (p = 0.00). Overall survival was 12.9 months in patients who underwent three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and 21.5 months in patients undergoing intensity-adjusted radiotherapy (p = 0.005). Overall survival was 7.8 months when applied to radiotherapy dose <60 Gy and 21.7 months when given 60 Gy (p = 0.00). Median survival was 18.4 months and 7.2 months, respectively, using concurrent Temozolamide (p = 0.03). Conclusion: In conclusion, the patient’s diagnosis, age, operative form, performance, radiotherapy dose, chemotherapy usage and survival were positive and our results are compatible with the literature.

Radiotherapy or radiochemotherpy as applied to 152 patients with locally advanced bladder cancer following transurethral tumor resection. Complete response rate was 71%, the 5- year survival 65%. The success of the initial transurethral resection was found to be the most important factor the 5-year sur-vival. Organ sparing radiotherapy/ radiochemotherapy is in the treatment of bladder cancer at least an equ-ally efficient method like radical cystectomy and should be the method of choice.

Localized solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura is a rarely seen tumor of the pleura beyond It’s unclear histogenesis, differantiation, malignity potential, and clinical behaviour. They are usually seen in 5-8. decades and more than 50 % of the cases are asymptomatic. The most important prognostic factors are the size, cellularity, and resectability of the tumor. For these reasons in surgical treatment wide resection is advised. İn this article, two female patients who were 48 and 53 year-old are reported with the diagnosis of localized solitary fibrous tumor originated from diaphragmatic pleura. The tumors removed successfully and the patients did not have any complication postoperatively. Because of the rareness of localized solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura it is thought to be worth reporting.

Aim : İn this study vve aimed at determining the prognostic factors and some risk factors in perforating eye in­ juries which have important role in preventable blindness. Method: VVe retrospectively evaluated data from a total of 157 patients, admitted to Fırat University Medical School, Department of Ophthalmology with perforated eye injuries, betvveen 1994-1999. One or two surgical interventions were performed in ali cases. They were eva­ luated with respect to patients’ age, sex and occupation; etiology of trauma, affected tissue, accompanying pat- hological findings, performed surgical intervention, delay betvveen the injury and surgery, Vision level before and after surgery and complication. Result: Of the total 157patients included in this study, 77.7% was male; 22.3 % female; and mean age of patients was 25.25 (4-85) years old. Perforated eye injuries vvere frequently seen (40.1%) in young patients (0-12 years old). This ratio was found to be 19.1% in vvorkers and 15.3 % in farmers. Among the most frequently injured tissues, cornea vvas the first (62.4%) and knives and Sharp tools were res- ponsible from most of the perforations (22.9%). Of the cases 76% vvas received surgical intervention in the first 24 hours' period. Before operation, visual level frequently found to be betvveen perception and projection (15.9). Most frequent complication among the follovv up period vvas ubnormal shaped pupil (29%) and corneal leukoma (25.9%). Conclusion: İt is knovvn that in perforated eye injury treatments, prevention of injuries is more important th an cure. Therefore prevention al public health Services ar e essential. Our results suggest that, urg en t admission to the hospital and possible early surgical intervention is important determinants of visual prognosis after per­ forated eye injuries.

We aimed to present a case with breast cancer which has cervical lymph nodes with increased FDG uptake in 18F-FDG PET/ CT and has biopsy result of tuberculosis lymphadenitis. Sixty-three year-old female patient with breast cancer complaining cervical and thoracal pain was imaged with PET/CT. PET/CT showed increased FDG uptake in bilaterally cervical, left submandibular and left prevertebral lymph nodes. The clinician considered that this image was related to an infectious process and continued to chemotherapy. A solid lesion was determined in follow-up ultrasonography. A PET/CT imaging was done to confirm this lesion. Increasing in quantity and SUVmax values of cervical, submandibular and prevertebral lymph nodes was determined. There was also a right axillary lymph node and a hypodense lesion with increased FDG uptake in liver. Biopsy was recommended because of increasing quantity and FDG uptake of lymph nodes and a new lesion in liver after chemotherapy. Biopsy result was tuberculosis lympadenitis in lymph nodes and metastasis in liver. False positive results in FDG-PET studies should be kept in mind because tuberculosis is a common disease in Turkey. Biopsy should be done in atypical cases.

Ani işitme kaybı, hiperbarik oksijen tedavisi, prognostik faktörler

Purpose: It was aimed to present the clinical and functional results of the patients who underwent tumor resection and endoprosthetic reconstruction due to malignant tumor around the elbow.

Methods: 14 patients who underwent tumor resection and endoprosthetic reconstruction due to malignant tumor in the elbow circumference between 2011-2018 in our clinic were included in the study. While 4 of the patients were primary tumors (1 fibromixoid sarcoma, 1 leimyosarcoma, 1 multiple myeloma and 1 ewing sarcoma), 10 were distant organ metastases (4 breast cancer, 3 lung cancer, 1 stomach cancer, 1 renal cell cancer and 1 thyroid cancer). Musculoskeletal Tumour Society (MSTS) score and Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) and survival were evaluated.

Results: The minimum follow-up period of the patients was 7 months, and the maximum follow-up period was 55 months. The mean MEPS score of the patients was 67.5 ± 12.0 (range, 45-90), and the mean of the MSTS score was 19.4 ± 2.3 (range, 16-24). Recurrence occurred at follow-up in 3 patients and exitus at follow-up in 7 patients. In this study, the median survival time of the patients was 44 months. The 1-year survival rate was 70.1% while the 3-year survival rate was 54.5%.

Conclusion: Pain and functional results are satisfactory in patients who undergo tumor resection and endoprosthetic reconstruction due to malignant tumor around the elbow. In the future, studies with larger patient series are needed.

Acute pancıeatitis is the inflanırnation of this retcoperitoneal organ with various etiological factors varying in severity from slight edema tn peripancreatic necrosis that may deteriorate ta death. In this actiele, we eı'aluated the recolyis of 28 pa-tients with acute pancreatitis ı-etrospectively who adrnitted ta University of Selçuk. General Surgery Department, hetween .lanuaty 1992 and Novembeı-1995. Etiological factoı-s weı-e gallstone in 15, al-cohol in 2. lipe•lipidemia in one and pancreas head cancer in one. There was no identifiable cause in 9 patients. Six patients died of disease_ Three patients underwent lapaı-atomy. FollovıLtıp of the casus sho-wed good correlation with the lmrie prognosticcriterias tiCcriterias criteılas

Eosinophilic granuloma is a clinical variant of histiocytosis - X. There are solitary or multiple le-sions on the bones due to histiocytic proliferation. The lesions are rarely located in the temporal re-gion. The tumor is asymptomatic at the onset. We present a case whose lesion is located on the temporoparietal area. The case is followed after the operation without chernotherapy and radiotherapy.