Makale Arama

\r\n Aim:  In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of pupillary dilatation on intraocular pressure values and corneal biomechanical properties using Ocular response analyzer in eyes with primer open angle glaucoma.

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\r\n Patients and Methods:  Goldmann correlated intraocular pressure, corneal corrected intraocular pressure, corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor were all respectively evaluated in 28 eyes of 15 patients with primary open angle glaucoma before and 30 minutes after tropicamide 0.5% instillation.

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\r\n Results: Their mean age was 57.7±13.2 years (range 45–65 years). The mean corneal hysteresis, corneal resistance factor, Goldmann correlated intraocular pressure and corneal corrected intraocular pressure measurements of the eyes were 9.5±2.2 mmHg, 10.1±2.1 mmHg, 16.2±2.8 mmHg, 17.2±3.6 mmHg before tropicamide instillation, and 9.7±2.2 mmHg, 10.1±2.0 mmHg, 16.9±3.5 mmHg, 18.2±4.0 mmHg after tropicamide instillation, respectively. There was statistically significant difference between pre- and post-tropicamide instillation for Goldmann correlated intraocular pressure and corneal corrected intraocular pressure (p=0.043, p=0.015, respectively; paired t-test) while no statistically significant difference was found for corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor (p=0.057 p=0.702, respectively; paired t-test ).  

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\r\n Conclusion: Pupillary dilatation with 0.5% tropicamide seems to have a decreasing effect on on intraocular pressure while no effect was noted for corneal biomechanical properties in primer open angle glaucoma patients.

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Objective: İn developed populations the increasing trend of electromagnetic pollution survives in an insidious and dangerous dimension. Although estimating the negative effects of electromagnetic field on human organism is very difficult, assessment of their effect on arteries was aimed in this experimental study. Material and Methods: An electrical shaver was choosen as a source of electromagnetic field which was estimated as having a 5-10 gauss electromagnetic field. The shaver was directly performcd on skins of left common carotid and bilateral femoral arteries of 7 Street dogs, weighing meanly 20-25 kg, vvithin a mean period of5months. This was performed on one time in every week with a period of 7 minutes. Totally, 18 periods were performed. At the end of the study carotid and femoral arteries were excised for histopathological examination. Results: Tissue examples of 21 study and 14 control specimens were examined under light microscope. İn study group 8 examples had moderate and 7 examples had severe intimal changes, while in control group 3 examples had mild intimal changes. A chi square test between these groups were considered significant (p<0,05). Conclusion: Endothelial injury and subendothe- lial seperations were significantly found in a very short period. These changes may cause stroke due to athero­ genesis on carotid arteries in a longer period.

Although microsurgery has rapid advanced, problems at the site of venous microanastomosis still continue. Thrombosis of the venous microanastomosis is the major reason for free tissue transfer and replantation complications. Erythropoietin is a principal hematopoietic regulator responsible for the proliferation and diferentiation of erythroid progenitor cells and endothelial cells. Aim of this study is to observe the complications of microvenous anastomosis line and to investigate the protective effects of erythropoietin. Seventy eight Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups (Control and Erythropoietin), and the groups were subdivided into three groups (3rd, 5th and 7th days). Rat dorsal penil vein was the study model. One-hundred-fifty IU/kg Erythropoietin was administrated via subcutaneously instantly venous anastomosis and every 48 hours to all Erythropoietin groups. Penil vein anastomosis line samples and blood samples were taken for assesment at 3rd, 5th and 7th days, after venous anastomosis. Morphometric analysis of each venous segment was done with a Clemex analysis program by the same examiner. Neointimal and medial areas were measured in each section and the neointima/media ratio was calculated. Haematocrit values were measured in all rats for 3rd, 5th and 7th days. The ratio of intima to medial areas were significantly less in Erythropoietin groups for 3rd and 5th days compared to control groups for the same days. There were no significant difference for the ratio of intima to medial areas between the contol and erythropoietin groups for 7th day. There were no significant difference for haematocrit levels between the the control and erythropoietin groups at 3rd, 5th and 7th days. Our study has shown that erythropoietin administration markedly reduced intimal formation and risk of thrombosis with accelerated endothelial regeneration after microvascular anastomosis in rat dorsal penil vein.

Nd-YAG laser iridotomy was applied to 23 (676 %) patients with narrow angle glaucoma, 6 (17.6 %) patients with secondary angle closure glaucoma (secondary angle closure caused by trauma, uveitis etc.) and 5 (14.7 %) patients with acute glaucoma crisis. Because of avascularity or little vascularity, preferentially upper nasal or upper temporal pe-ripheral iris regions were chosen for the iridotomies. The mean laser energy applied to the patients was 63.7±18.4 mJ. Small irldotomies were enlarged because of corneal edema in three patients with angle closure glaucoma. Ir) 27 (79.4 %) patients, mild to moderate hemorrhage was observed. In 26 (76.5 %) patients, iritis developed within 1-5 days pos-toperatively. After iridotomy, a rise in intraocular pressure in the first 24 hours was observed in 15 patients (44.1 %). During monthly follow-up. there were no changes in visual acuity and visual field analysis.

To analyse the clinical characteristics of globe lacerations known as the main cause of visual loss due to ocular trauma and determine the risk factors. Material and method: This retrospective study included perforating eye injuries followed at the Ophthalmology Department of Selcuk University. The following parameters of cases are recorded from registrations of our clinic: age, sex, affected eye, activity at the time of injury, causative agent, localization of injury, the length of time from injury to the initial examination in our clinic, initial visual acuity, surgical procedure, best corrected visual acuity measured at the last visit. Result: Of the 215 cases with perforating eye injuries 168 (78.1%) were male and 47 (21.9%) were female. The most common activity at the time of injury was home and work activities in 51.6% of cases caused by cutting and perforating matters in the majority. Analysis of injury localization revealed cornea as the most comman affected region in (110 cases 51.2%). The initial visual acuity was equal to or below 0.1 in 157 (77.3%) of cases. This number of cases decreased to 62 (31.5%) when the stabilised final visual acuity was determined. The surgical intervention was corneal or corneoscleral reparation in 149 (69.3%) cases, cataract surgery in addition to reparation in 52 (24.2%) cases, foreign body extraction in 5 (2.3%) cases and evisseration in 9 (4.2%) cases. Conclusion: Despite advances in technology, the high incidence of visual loss after perforating globe injuries pointed out the importance of preventive efforts. Increasing the knowledge of risk groups about eye injuries, taking the necessary preventive measures during risky activities would decrease perforating eye injuries.

Hemodialysis patients have a tendency toward to thrombosis. AVF thrombosis is frequent in those patients. Study was aimed to evaluate patients by means of hemostatic state at our study, hemostatic parameters in haemodialysis patients with respect to healthy group were evaluated. Haemodialysis group (HDG) consisted of 45 patients (27 male, 18 female) and control group (CG) consisted of 15 healthy persons (8 male, 7 female). These parameters were evaluated whether contributing to thrombosis APC resistance is found to be higher in patient group. AT III and tPA antigen levels are low in patient group, while vWF antigen levels are high in patients with AVF problem compared to healthy subjects. Hypofibrinolysis and prethrombotic state were thought to play role in contributing vascular endothelial injury and AVF thrombosis. These findings reflect the pre-trhrombotic state and injured vascular endothelium in HDG with AVF problems. Thus, Hemodialysis patients must be screened and evaluated by means of pre-thrombotic events for better AVF survival and outcome.

İn this in vitro study, the effects of H2 O2 on bovine coronary artery and roles of K+ channels and cyclooxygenase, nitric oxide synthase and Na+/K+-ATPase enzymes for these effects were investigated. Strips from arteries were mounted in 25 mİ organ baths containing Krebs-Henseleit Solution at 37 °C aerated with %95 O2 and %5 CO2 . Effects of H2 O2 on basal tone of tissues with and without endothelium were investigated. İn the second part of study, tissues were contracted with U46619 (3x10~7 M) and H2 O2 (1Cr7-1(T2M) was added to the organ baths, cumulatively. This procedure was repeated on tissues incubated with apamin (10~6M), charybdotoxin (10-7M), tetraethylammonium (TEA, 1Ch4M), glibenclamide (10-6M), indomethacin (10~5M), NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10~4M) and ouabaine (10~5 M). Each group of tissue was incubated with only one of these agents. H2 O2 did not affect basal tone of tissues with and without endothelium but relaxed tissues contracted with U46619in con- centration dependent manner. İn tissues with endothelium and in tissues incubated with apamine, charybdotoxine and tetraethylammonium, Emax values and plC50 values of H2 O2 were not different significantly from values obtained from tissues vvithout endothelium (control tissues). However values obtained from tissues incubated with glibenclamide, indomethacin, L-NAME and ouabaine were different significantly from values obtained from tissues without endothelium.These results indicate that ATP-sensitive potassium channels and cyclooxygenase, nitric oxide synthase and Na+/K+-ATPase enzymes play role in the relaxant effects of H2 O2 on bovine coronary artery smooth muscle.

Lagophthalmus is the inability to close the eyelids completely leading to exposed cornea (scleral show) which can result in corneal scar formation and vision loss. The skin of upper eyelid is soft and flexible, so this makes winking easier. To return the upper eyelid its soft and flexible structure, Z-plasty, VY advancement flaps, full-thickness skin grafts, and pedicle flaps are defined as treatment options. The aim of this study was to demostrate the usage of bipedicle flap and midface lift as an alternative treatment option for lagophthalmus that is related to the vertical shortness of upper eyelid developed after blepharoplasty.

With the understanding that adipose tissue is not only a passive energy store, but also an endocrine organ, interest in bioactive factors secreted from adipose tissue has increased. Adipose tissue, consisting of pre-adipocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and leukocytes, as well as adipocytes, has an important role in systemic metabolic regulation. Chemerin, called tazarotene-induced gene 2 (TIG2) or retinoic acid receptor responder 2 (RARRES2), was first discovered in 1997 in psoriatic skin lesions as a retinoic acid-sensitive gene. It was later determined that chemerin regulates adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolism, with data showing that it alters adipocyte differentiation, expression of important genes in glucose and lipid metabolism, and is classified as a new adipokine. The effects of chemerin in circulating and inflammatory fluids are mediated through receptor G protein-bound receptor chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1). The increase in the number of clinical trials associated with increased levels of local and / or circulating chemerin in various diseases, from obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) to inflammatory diseases, supports the important roles of chemerin in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Although it is clear that serum chemerin levels increase in these diseases, the mechanisms regulating the expression of the chemerin are not fully understood. More randomized controlled studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of action of chemerin.

Cystic lesions of the adrenal gland are seen very rare. Cysts are mostly asymptomatic and found incidentally, and the majority of these cystic lesions are endothelial cysts and pseudocysts. Endothelial cysts, lined by endothelial cells are the structures resembling lymphatic channels. Cysts are divided into two groups, named lymphangiomatous and angiomatous cysts. In this study we presented a case of csytic structure, lined by endothelial cells, and reviewed the literatüre.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of the most important mediators of angiogenesis, is upregulated during neovascularization. In fact, anti-VEGF agents have efficacy in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, macular edema, neovascular glaucoma, and corneal neovascularization. In this review, which discusses the biochemistry of VEGF and the use of the anti-VEGF agents in eye diseases.

Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate effectiveness of corneal collagen cross-linking treatment in patients with progressive keratoconus. Patients and Methods: Ten patients (6 female and 4 male) who showed progression in the parameters of Keratoconus were included in the study. Complete ophthalmological examinations including uncorrected and best-corrected visual acuities (UCVA and BCVA), slit-lamp anterior and posterior segment investigation and intraocular pressure was performed in all patients. Corneal topographic measurements were done by Sirius Corneal Topography system. All patients underwent an intervention of corneal collagen cross-linking procedure with riboflavin and UV-A. Results: Sim K max value of all patients in topographic measurement decreased (mean 0,95±0,22 D) after 6 month follow-up. The value of sim K min decreased (mean 0.39 D) in 8 patients, while it showed no change in 2 patients (20%). A decrease of mean of 10,1±1,37μm central corneal thickness was observed. In 6 eyes (60%), BCVA showed improvement when compared to the baseline values, while BCVA in 4 (40%) eyes remained stable during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Corneal collagen cross-linking treatment as a first applications of our clinic using Apollon device seems to be effective in prevention of keratoconus progression according to our experience in our small series. Long-term, prospective, large studies are needed to display the long-term effectiveness of this treatment.

To evaluate the etiologic and anatomic aspects of the patients who admitted a university clinic with vision loss from Diyarbakir and surrounding cities. Between May 2011-April 2013, the records of patients who admitted Dicle University Hospital Chairman of the Board Health with low vision and without any systemic disease were reviewed retrospectively. Demographic characteristics of patients, uncorrected and the corrected best visual acuity were recorded. Patients with best corrected visual acuity less than 0.5 were divided into 4 groups according to the classification of World Health Organization’s vision loss. Group 1 (best corrected visual acuity <0.05) were evaluated. Those patients were divided into 2 groups as bilateral and unilateral according to visual loss. The etiologies of vision loss in patients were classified into 5 groups as anterior segment pathology, retinal disease, optic disc disease, simulation, globe/refraction related disorders.167 patients were enrolled.88(52.6%) patients had bilateral and 79(47.4%)had unilateral visual loss. The most common cause of bilateral blindness was retinal diseases. The most common retinal disease was retinitis pigmentosa. The most common cause of unilateral blindness was anterior segment pathologies in which cataract/congenital cataracts were consist of the most common subgroup. The second most common cause was perforating of trauma and refraction disorder. In this study the most frequent etiologic factor was found to be retinal diseases especially hereditary retinal dystrophies in patients. We thought that might be due to particularly from the marriage between closely related individuals. Public awareness about marriage between closely related individuals and prevention of trauma is likely to reduce exposure to these results.

Alkali burns of the cornea can result in loss of vi-sual function and anatomical integrity of the eye. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of topical dexamethasone sodium phospate and diclofenac so-dium on wound healing in an akali-burn model using 36 eyes of 18 adult albino rabbits. No dic ference was noted between the effects of two drugs on epithelial healing and fibroblast proliferation, but inflammatory cell infiltration was more pro-minent in the group treated with diclofenac sodium. Our data suggest that dexamethasone sodium phosp-hate is more potent than diclofenac sodium in the treatment of corneal alkali burns.

Flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, which is indicative of endothelial function is correlated with cardiovascular risk factors. The relationship between FMD and collateral formation in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) has not been investigated up to date. In our study, we investigated this relationship. The study enrolled 91 (12 female, 79 male) patients with a mean age of 59±11. In patients with at least one coronary artery stenosis of %90 or greater were included in the study In the presence of angiographic coronary collateral classification was made according to Rentrop. Patients were divided into 2 groups as patients with poor collaterals vessels (Rentrop grade 0 or l; 42 patients) and good collaterals vessels (Rentrop grade 2 or 3; 49 patients). Using highresolution ultrasound, both the FMD and sublingual nitroglycerininduced vasodilation in the brachial artery were measured in all patients. FMD was not significantly different between the two groups (4.55±0.69 vs 4.52±0.64, p= 0.83). In conclusion, in this study, lack of association between an impairment of FMD in the brachial artery and the presence of poor collaterals was observed. The reason for this, collateral formation is a complex phenomenon consisting of several distinct processes.

A male child with a rarely seen of congenital abnorrnality was presented. The syrnptorns were as follows; mild relative ptoıis, flated eornea, redusing in the horizontal and vertical diameter of cornea, indefinite iirrabbur, Bense eorneal band, narrowing of ilim pupil, high ayper metropia and alternant asotropia. A genetic inheritance in the pedigri has not been founded.

In this in vitro study it was investigated how much the ACh responses, which obtained after NA contractions in rabb it thorasic aorta preparations with endothelium or withouz endothelium, depends on the concentrations of Ca++ and Mg++ ions in the medium. in peraparation with intact endothelium, Ach inhibited the contractile effect of 10-9M NA on a large scala. When these ions' concentrations were reduced to halt, this inhibition decreased significantly. In Ca+ +-free er Mg++-free solution there was no inhibition. However, in preparations without endothelium and in also three mediurn, addition of ACh increased the contractile response to NA, significantly. The results suggest that there must be an intact endothelium in rabbit aorta for inhibition of . NA-mediated contractions, by ACh. Furthermore, iris demonstrated that, also preparations wıttz intact endothelium Ca++ and Mg++ ions are necessary for relaxation by ACh.

\r\n Prognostic importance of thrombocyte indices in children with carbon monoxide poisoning

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\r\n Objective: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is still being a major cause of morbidity and mortality all over the world. Although the role of platelet functions in CO poisoning is not clear, increased platelet activation and aggregation had been reported previously. Increased thrombotic tendency due to endothelial damage, increased platelet stickiness, and alterations in the fibrinolytic pathway occurs in CO poisoning. The aim of our study was to determine whether platelet indices provide clinical benefit or not in children with CO poisoning.

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\r\n Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviwed the records of children with the diagnosis of CO poisoning who admitted to the pediatric emergency departments of Konya Beyhekim State Hospital and Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Medical Faculty. A total of 92 children with CO poisoning and 62 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were included in the study.

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\r\n Results: While mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) levels were significantly higher (9,34±0,55 vs 9,78±0,97fL, p=0.001 ; 11,46±2,64 vs 10,57±1,41, retrospectively, p=0.007), platelet count and plateletcrit (PCT) (324,05±82,07 vs 357,27±89,70 x10⁹ p=0.015 ; 0,31±0,06 vs 0,33±0,07, retrospectively, p=0.039) were significantly lower in patients with CO poisoning. MPV levels were also significantly higher in patients with a carboxy hemoglobin (COHb) level higher than 20, when compared with COHb levels between 10-20 (9,40±0,84 vs 10,08±1,22 fL, p=0.003).

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\r\n Conclusion: Our results showed that platelet indices MPV and PDW are markedly elevated in patients with CO poisoning while platelet count and PCT were decreased. MPV and PDW levels, which reflect the changes in platelet activation and function, may predict the development of especially thromboembolic complications in the course of CO poisoning.  MPV and PDW levels may be useful in prognostic estimation of CO poisoning.

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\r\n Keywords: carbon monoxide; children; platelet indices; poisoning

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Aim : İn this study vve aimed at determining the prognostic factors and some risk factors in perforating eye in­ juries which have important role in preventable blindness. Method: VVe retrospectively evaluated data from a total of 157 patients, admitted to Fırat University Medical School, Department of Ophthalmology with perforated eye injuries, betvveen 1994-1999. One or two surgical interventions were performed in ali cases. They were eva­ luated with respect to patients’ age, sex and occupation; etiology of trauma, affected tissue, accompanying pat- hological findings, performed surgical intervention, delay betvveen the injury and surgery, Vision level before and after surgery and complication. Result: Of the total 157patients included in this study, 77.7% was male; 22.3 % female; and mean age of patients was 25.25 (4-85) years old. Perforated eye injuries vvere frequently seen (40.1%) in young patients (0-12 years old). This ratio was found to be 19.1% in vvorkers and 15.3 % in farmers. Among the most frequently injured tissues, cornea vvas the first (62.4%) and knives and Sharp tools were res- ponsible from most of the perforations (22.9%). Of the cases 76% vvas received surgical intervention in the first 24 hours' period. Before operation, visual level frequently found to be betvveen perception and projection (15.9). Most frequent complication among the follovv up period vvas ubnormal shaped pupil (29%) and corneal leukoma (25.9%). Conclusion: İt is knovvn that in perforated eye injury treatments, prevention of injuries is more important th an cure. Therefore prevention al public health Services ar e essential. Our results suggest that, urg en t admission to the hospital and possible early surgical intervention is important determinants of visual prognosis after per­ forated eye injuries.

Introduction: In this study, in order to shed light on the intraparenchymal pressure reduction mechanism of dexmedetomidine, the effect of two different doses of 80 and 320 µg kg-1 on the levels of vasoconstrictor Endothelin-1(ET-1) and vasodilator prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in transient global cerebral ischemia model in rabbits was examined. This study was conducted in the Selcuk University Experimental Medicine Research Center between June 2005 and January 2006 and approved by an ethical committee. All rabbits were randomly divided into four groups; six rabbits in each group. In Group 1, a craniotomy was performed and the ischemia was not created. In Group 2, only an ischemia-reperfusion was performed. During reperfusion, 80 µg kg-1 intravenous dexmedetomidine was administered to Group 3, and 320 µg kg -1 intravenous dexmedetomidine was administered to Group 4. After the application of craniotomy and cervical neck dissection of the rabbits in Groups 2, 3 and 4, the bilateral carotid arteries were clamped and an ischemia was performed for one hour. Then, the clamps were removed and reperfusion was performed for one hour. In addition, ıntraparenchymal pressure were recorded after craniotomy and reperfusion. Blood and CSF samples were collected from rabbits after craniotomy in Group 1 and reperfusion in Groups 2,3 and 4 to determine levels of ET-1 and PGI2. Intraparenchymal pressure values after the reperfusion in Group II and IV were significantly higher than Group I( p< 0.05), but any significant increase in Group III (p>0.05). ET-1 levels of both blood and CSF were increased in the group performed ischemia and reperfusion and no treatment (Group II) and the group administered low dose dexmedetomidine (Group III) were similar with the sham group (p>0.05). However, PGI2 levels of CSF were significantly decreased in the group administered low dose dexmedetomidine (p< 0.05). Dexmedetomidine can reduce the intraparenchymal pressure by reducing the level of ET-1 in the transient global cerebral ischemia model.

Intraocular foreign body (IOFB) caused by penetrating eye injuries may lead to various findings by depending on the location, size and nature. However, in rare cases IOFB may remain silent for years without any complaint. In this study, we present the case of IOFB causing recurrent anterior uveitis 13 years after trauma in the patient with cataract. A 31-year-old male patient admitted to Ophthalmology department with the complaint of decreased vision which have been two years and pain, redness, light sensitivity with attacks in left eye. 15 years ago, a history of left eye injury occurred with exploding an object type of ceramic or porcelain was present. On the anterior segment examination, minimal peripheral corneal nefelyon at 2 hours position, peripheral iris defect size of 2x1 mm, grade 2 cell reaction in anterior chamber and posterior subcapsular cataract were present in left eye. In computerized tomography scan was detected the hyperdense foreign body placed in the posterior pole at the size of 3x2mm within the left globe. The possibility of intraocular foreign body should be kept in mind in patients with idiopathic uveitis specially in children and young people.

The history of contact lenses is very old. It started with Leonardo de Vinci in the 16th century for the first time, and many stages have been recorded until today. Scleral lenses were developed in 1926, corneal lenses in 1942, hydrophilic lenses in 1962 and silicone lenses in 198011i. While contact lenses were used to correct refractive defects for optical purposes, later they became used for cosmetic purposes and for the treatment of horn diseases.

We presented a 10.5 year-old-male child with Morquio syndrome and we emphasized on the vast variation among corneal clouding developing times.

in the pı-esent study, the ejfects of IVG-nitro L-arginin nıethyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide (NO) synthesis inhibitor. on the contraction due to noradrenaline (NA) and on the inhibition of the NA-induced contractik responses by acetylcholine (ACh) and adenozine 5-triphosphat (ATP) have been investigated in rahhit thoracic aorta with ot- without endothelium. 10-5 M NA-induced contractile responses in tissues with or without endothelium and in the tissue with endothelium, the inhihition of these contraction was found 77.42±6.29 % and 65.76±8.06 %, respectively by addition of cumulative concentration (10-9 - 10-4M) of ACh and ATP. In the presence of L-NAME, the inhibition due to of these agents was found as 28.37±2.5 % and 21 .56±2.55 % respectively. While any inhibition due to ACh does not occur in the tissue without endothelium ATP inhibited the reponses of NA at the rate of 23.17±2,61 % and addition of L-NAME to the mediurn did not change the responses. In another pan, in the tissue with endotheliunı the NA (10-9 - 104M) induced contractik responses was found 131 .56±8.43 % in the presence of L-NAME (10-6M) Whereas there's no effect due ta L-NAME in the tissue without endothelium. It has alsa been reported that L-NAME has no effects on the hasat tension, in this study. The ı-esults suggested that, an itact endothelium is essential for the inhihition of the muscle contraction with ACh in tissues ıısed. Morover alsa found that ATP-relıvcations vı'ere free from endothelium, in addition that L-NAME inhihits NO-mecliated relaxations due ta hoth agents in endothelial tissues and increased the contractions due ta NA, too.

Leukorywclastic vasculiiis is the most common form of small vessel nerrotizing vasculifis. The di-sease may be limited to the skin or involve many dif-ferent organs, in which rase it is called cutaneous systemir angütis. Histologirally there is fibrinoid necrosis of small dermal blood vessels (venules), le-ukocytoclasis, endothelial rell swelling, and ext-ravasation of RBCs.

A ınale clıild with congenital cornea plana is pre-sented. The ocular findings of this rarely seen abnor-mality in our case esere fiat cornea, indefinite lim-bus, narrowing of the anterior clzaınber, high hypermerropia and alternate esotropia. There vere no systemic abnormalities. The pedigree of this case showed an aıllosoınal recessive heredity.